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Electronics Forum / Basics / September 2006Simple amplifier: simulation & real world do not agree
I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to LT-Spice the circuit below works fine, but the real world does not agree (at all). Actually I measured a cut-off frequency of 165kHz and at 1MHz not much is left. Why is the simulation so wrong? 1MHz isn't that high is it? VCC + | | .---o---. | | | | .-. .-. R2 | | | | R4 22k | | | | 12k '-' '-' | | C1 | o----- out R1 | | || ___ | |/ in ----||-----|___|---o-----| 2N2222 || | |> TTL level 8k2 | | 100n | | | | .-. .-. R3 | | | | R5 3k3 | | | | 2k2 '-' '-' | | '---o---' | | === GND (created by AACircuit v1.28.6 beta 04/19/05 www.tech-chat.de) Thanks, Jenalee K. > I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 37 lines] > Thanks, > Jenalee K. you have in circuit capacitance problems, most likely the lay out of components with the high valued R4 and R5 your using or the CMOS input device has high cap and you must over come it. you could increase the performance a bit by place a by pass cap parallel with R5, something in the neighborhood of .1 (100n) might do... but still your dealing with surrounding capacitance in my opinion. that is why board design is so important when it comes to this like this. just a thought..  SignatureReal Programmers Do things like this. http://webpages.charter.net/jamie_5 >I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. If you want a higher-amplitude square wave of the same frequency, what you want is to configure the transistor as a switch, not as a linear amplifier. In other words, the transistor should be operating at either saturation or cutoff, such that the peak voltage of the resulting square wave will be set by the supplier (minus any drop resulting from the collector resistor), and the low will be set by whatever voltage is dropped by the transistor in saturation. Bob M. > I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 33 lines] > === > GND I suggest you simplify your circuit to make it more of a switching output than a linear amplifier. TTL sources generally are a lot better at pulling to ground than they are at pulling up to the positive rail. So you might try eliminating the input capacitor, lowering R1 to about 470 ohms, get rid of R2, and R3, short out R5 and possible lower R4 to between 1k and 4.7k. This should give you a fast, full output swing. >> I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can >> be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 28 lines] > possible lower R4 to between 1k and 4.7k. This should give you a > fast, full output swing. This is almost word-for-word what I was going to say, but I'd add a speedup cap across R1. Do I win a prize? ;-) Cheers! Rich >>I suggest you simplify your circuit to make it more of a switching >>output than a linear amplifier. TTL sources generally are a lot [quoted text clipped - 8 lines] > > Do I win a prize? ;-) Fine by me. John Popelish a écrit : > > I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can > > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 41 lines] > possible lower R4 to between 1k and 4.7k. This should give you a > fast, full output swing. That's what I did in the first place, except that I had picked 4k7 for R1, but the output stuck low all the time. I thought that maybe the transistor had problems of coming out ot saturation (is that why you suggest such a small R1? *) so I tried a simple amplifier to stay out of saturation. The shape of the output was not really a concern as long as it would swing from about 2V to 8V. * I am from the opamp generation and I am trying to improve my transistor skills, that's why I am playing with this. Thanks, Jenalee K. >John Popelish a écrit : > [quoted text clipped - 53 lines] >* I am from the opamp generation and I am trying to improve my >transistor skills, that's why I am playing with this. Hmm. Staying with the degenerative amplifier and in keeping with your suggestion that as little as 2V is okay, you might try this: >: +9 >: +9 | [quoted text clipped - 25 lines] >: | | >: gnd gnd I haven't wired it up, but I think it should be about right. You could dump R5 (short it) and C3 (remove it.) Won't work quite as well, but might be fine. Quiescent current is set at 1mA. If you need explanations, I can walk through your questions, I think. Jon > John Popelish a écrit : >>I suggest you simplify your circuit to make it more of a switching >>output than a linear amplifier. TTL sources generally are a lot [quoted text clipped - 6 lines] > That's what I did in the first place, except that I had picked 4k7 for > R1, but the output stuck low all the time. That tels me one of two things were happening. Either the stored charge in the base did not have time to drain during the input low periods, or the input was not really TTL level. TTL outputs typically pull down to a small fraction of a volt above ground, if they are not sinking significant current. A lower value base resistor allows the stored charge to drain faster through the small voltage drop across the resistor (.6 volts at the base and, say, .25 volts from the TTL source). The base drive would be excessive during the logic high state, except that TTL outputs do not pull up well, above about 2.5 volts, so it isn't so bad, unless you need the source to also drive some other input at a larger voltage swing. > I thought that maybe the > transistor had problems of coming out ot saturation (is that why you > suggest such a small R1? *) so I tried a simple amplifier to stay out > of saturation. The shape of the output was not really a concern as long > as it would swing from about 2V to 8V. What, exactly is the signal source for the transistor? Have you an oscilloscope to measure it and other nodes during operation? > * I am from the opamp generation and I am trying to improve my > transistor skills, that's why I am playing with this. Understood. The problem may not be with the transistor, but with the signal source. Here is another approach for you to play with. Use the transistor as a common base amplifier (voltage gain, but no current gain, and non inverting). Tie the base to the center node of a resistive voltage divider made up of two 10k or 4.7k resistors tied between +5 and ground. Connect your signal source to the emitter and connect the collector to a 4.7k or 10k pull up resistor to the 9 volt supply (or whatever voltage is the positive rail for th CMOS chip). When the TTL signal is positive, the base-emitter junction is reverse biased, and the collector pull up resistor provides a full positive output. When the TTL input pulls down to almost zero, the base-emitter junction is forward biased (with the base current limited by the divider total resistance) and the transistor saturates on, pulling the output down to the TTL low voltage plus the transistor saturation voltage. You lose some of the TTL pull down current capability into the base divider, but you get more voltage swing than the TTL signal delivers. John Popelish a écrit : > > John Popelish a écrit : > [quoted text clipped - 29 lines] > What, exactly is the signal source for the transistor? Have you an > oscilloscope to measure it and other nodes during operation? Good question. I was driving it with an old crystal oscillator (Kony KHC1100 1MHz) that I had found somewhere and I supposed it was TTL. But I can't find any information on it, except that it is apparently obsolete, and so it may be an HCMOS device. And yes, I have access to a good oscilloscope. I will try your suggestions as well as those from all those kind other repliers. I will also try with different signal sources so that I do know for sure what kind of driver I have. Thanks, Jenalee K. >> > I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can >> > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to >> > LT-Spice the circuit below works fine, but the real world does not >> > agree (at all). Actually I measured a cut-off frequency of 165kHz and >> > at 1MHz not much is left. Why is the simulation so wrong? 1MHz isn't >> > that high is it? Try this, both because it will work, and because it's sort of interesting... >> > VCC >> > + [quoted text clipped - 17 lines] >> > | >> > gnd John >I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can >be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 37 lines] >Thanks, >Jenalee K. This doesn't have a lot of gain to start with, and capacitances will gobble up that fast. If you reduce all the resistor values by, say, 10:1, your hf rolloff frequency should increase by almost that ratio. John > I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 37 lines] > Thanks, > Jenalee K. Accurate simulation takes alot of skill and experience. You dont need an amplifier just a level shifter, look up "clamp circuit". > I wanted to amplify a TTL-level 1MHz square wave a bit so that it can > be used as a clock for a CMOS counter running from 9V. According to [quoted text clipped - 37 lines] > Thanks, > Jenalee K. Big problem is the transistor base-collector capacitance, being 'multiplied up' by the voltage gain of the amp, (Miller effect). So ... you've say maybe 10pF for that 'Ccb' and you've a voltage gain of about 5, so the Ccb now acts like it's 50pF. Doesn't seem a lot but problem is that from the input signal point of view, this 50pF is in series with that 8k2 resistor and makes a nice low pass filter. In this case it causes the input signal to start rolling off at about 0.5MHz. Also ... if you connect to your CMOS counter with a foot or so of screened lead (equivelent to say 30pF) then you've yet another low pass filter at work but this time it's the 12k collector resistor driving the 30pF (also runs out of steam at about 0.5MHz!). So ... Easiest path is to drop the circuit resistances and force the frequency rolloffs to increase upwards pro-rata. (Be prepared to give up a few more ma.) Eg make R4=1.2k, R5=220, R1=1k. Circuit should run 10X faster. (it may though have been better to have made it a straight 'switching' circuit in the first place) john SignaturePosted via a free Usenet account from http://www.teranews.com ><snip> >(it may though have been better to have made it a straight 'switching' >circuit in the first place) I think so. How would it be possible to get a nice 0-9V output from the OP's topology, at all? The quiescent current through collector and emitter resistors alone makes this issue stand out to me. It's a degenerative amplifier, for gosh sake. Jon > ><snip> > >(it may though have been better to have made it a straight 'switching' [quoted text clipped - 6 lines] > > Jon Indeed. The fixed 1.5V pedestal is acceptable for driving a CMOS logic low but pointless to specifically design out, when a simple switch works much better. Been oh so so long, I had to mug up on TTL. Those logic lows look annoyingly close to the 0.6V input for a switch transistor, so slightly modded the drawing supplied earlier (who's is it?). (Anyways, thought TTL had perished a 1000 years ago!) john VCC >> + 5V | | .-. .-. | | R4 | |1k | | 2K2 | |pullup '-' '-' | | o----- out | R1 1k | >> TTL Level | ___ |/ >> in --o-o--|___|---o---o-| 2N2222 >> | | | > +----||----+ .-. | cap: ~100 pf. | | | | | === '-' GND | 470 pulldown === GND SignaturePosted via a free Usenet account from http://www.teranews.com john jardine a écrit : >>> <snip> >>> (it may though have been better to have made it a straight 'switching' [quoted text clipped - 34 lines] > === > GND Or if he doesn't need inverting the signal: +9V _ | .-. | | | |2K2 '-' | | +---> | ||-+ ||<- 2N7000 +5V >-+-||-+ | | .-. | 2K2| | | | | | '-' | | | from TTL >-+----' SignatureThanks, Fred. |
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